{"id":387,"date":"2020-10-21T16:42:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-21T16:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=387"},"modified":"2026-01-21T16:27:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T16:27:33","slug":"statistics-using-apa-citations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=387","title":{"rendered":"Statistics &#8211; APA Citations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-columns ab-layout-service-2 ab-layout-columns-1 one-column has-white-background-color ab-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-right:5%;padding-left:5%\"><div class=\"ab-layout-column-wrap ab-block-layout-column-gap-2 ab-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom:5%\" class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-container ab-block-container\"><div class=\"ab-container-inside\"><div class=\"ab-container-content\" style=\"max-width:700px\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-columns ab-layout-columns-4 ab-4-col-equal\" style=\"margin-bottom:3%\"><div class=\"ab-layout-column-wrap ab-block-layout-column-gap-2 ab-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=376\">Overview<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">APa Citations <\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=381\">Report Structure<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=389\">Sample Papers<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=383\">Terminology <\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=385\">Writing Tips<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#ddd\" class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-spacer ab-block-spacer ab-divider-solid ab-divider-size-1\"><hr style=\"height:30px\" \/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Citing Your Research<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Statistical reports can be done for multiple fields of study, so many different styles are used. The appropriate style depends on the discipline that your research is in. APA is a common citation style for many disciplines. Any outside sources that you include in a statistics report as evidence need to be cited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In-Text Citation Format in APA<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>References cited in the text must appear in the references list and vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Evidence suggests that UVM students prefer winter over summer sports (Abbott, 1994).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A study by Abbott (1994) indicated that UVM students prefer winter over summer sports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference List Format<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Follow the <a href=\"https:\/\/libraries.uvm.edu\/research-guides\/apa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Howe Library&#8217;s APA style guide (new tab)<\/a>, or refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_formatting_and_style_guide\/general_format.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Purdue OWL&#8217;s APA style guide (new tab)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reporting Results: Numerals vs. Words in APA <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Use numerals to Express&#8230;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers 10 and above (e.g., 11 year olds, 15 cm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers in the abstract of a paper or in a graphical display within the paper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers in the abstract of a paper or in a graphical display within the paper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles (e.g., divided by 6)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals as numerals (e.g., 2 hr 15 min, scored 2 on a 5-point scale)\u00a0<strong>Exception<\/strong>: Use words for approximations of number of days, months, and years (e.g., about three years ago)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers (e.g., Grade 3, Table 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Use Words to Express&#8230;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Universally accepted usage (e.g., the Ten Commandments)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading (e.g., Fifty percent of the sample.., Twelve children cried but 34 laughed..)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Common fractions (e.g., one fifth of the population skis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-container ab-block-container\"><div class=\"ab-container-inside\"><div class=\"ab-container-content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reporting Statistics in APA Style<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-columns ab-layout-columns-2 ab-2-col-wideright\"><div class=\"ab-layout-column-wrap ab-block-layout-column-gap-2 ab-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Words Vs. Mathematical Notation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<table style=\"text-align:left;width:100%;margin:auto\">\n<tr style=\"color:white;background-color:#d79523\">\n<th style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;width:50%\">Statistical Term<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;width:50%\">General Format<br>\n(Include directly into text)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color:#dedede\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">Mean<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">M=<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color:white\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">Standard Deviation<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">SD=<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color:#dedede\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">Confidence Interval (95%) <\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">95% CI [LL, UL]\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color:white\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">p-values<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">p = value<br>\np &lt; .001 (if the value is less than .001)<\/td>\n<tr style=\"background-color:#dedede\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">Chi square \/ t \/ ANOVA test values<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">\u03c72(d\u0192) = value, p value, effect size<br>\nt(d\u0192) = value, p value, effect size<br>\nF(d\u0192effect, d\u0192error) = value, p value, effect size\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background-color:white\">\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">Correlation: pearson (r), spearman (rs)\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:.5em .5em .5em 1em;vertical-align:top\">r = value, confidence interval, p value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Citing Your Research Statistical reports can be done for multiple fields of study, so many different styles are used. The appropriate style depends on the discipline that your research is in. APA is a common citation style for many disciplines. Any outside sources that you include in a statistics report as evidence need to be &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=387\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Statistics &#8211; APA Citations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6113,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-387","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","no-featured-image"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6113"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=387"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3181,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/387\/revisions\/3181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}