{"id":724,"date":"2020-10-23T16:45:38","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T16:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=724"},"modified":"2020-11-24T21:24:35","modified_gmt":"2020-11-24T21:24:35","slug":"linguistics-terminology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=724","title":{"rendered":"Linguistics &#8211; Terminology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-columns ab-layout-service-2 ab-layout-columns-1 one-column has-white-background-color ab-columns-center alignfull\" style=\"padding-right:5%;padding-left:5%\"><div class=\"ab-layout-column-wrap ab-block-layout-column-gap-2 ab-is-responsive-column\" style=\"max-width:1200px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<div style=\"margin-bottom:5%\" class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-container ab-block-container\"><div class=\"ab-container-inside\"><div class=\"ab-container-content\" style=\"max-width:700px\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-columns ab-layout-columns-4 ab-4-col-equal\" style=\"margin-bottom:3%\"><div class=\"ab-layout-column-wrap ab-block-layout-column-gap-2 ab-is-responsive-column\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=720\">Overview<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=726\">Sample Papers<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=728\">Getting Started<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\">Terminology<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-column ab-block-layout-column\"><div class=\"ab-block-layout-column-inner\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=722\">citing sources<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"color:#ddd\" class=\"wp-block-atomic-blocks-ab-spacer ab-block-spacer ab-divider-solid ab-divider-size-1\"><hr style=\"height:30px\" \/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Useful Vocabulary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basic Subfields<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Phonetics<\/strong>: the physical properties of speech<ul><li>Phonetics focuses on the physiology of sound production (the vocal tract) and the corresponding acoustic properties (pitch, intensity, etc.).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Phonology<\/strong>: the relationship between different sounds in a language<ul><li>Phonology often takes a more abstract approach to speech than phonetics, looking at how speakers perceive and categorize sounds.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Morphology<\/strong>: the structure of words<ul><li>Morphology looks at words both a complete unit and in terms of their parts (stems, suffixes, prefixes, etc.).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Semantics<\/strong>: meaning, particularly its relationship to signs<ul><li>The focus in semantics is typically on individual words or phrases and the way they function in larger structures (sentences).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Pragmatics<\/strong>: meaning in context<ul><li>While semantics looks at internal meaning, pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is negotiated through use, analyzing how features such as intonation, reference, and setting affect discourse.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Syntax<\/strong>: the rules and processes that govern how smaller lexical units (nouns, verbs, etc.) are organized to form sentences<ul><li>Syntax often goes together with semantics, and, like semantics, is a very theoretical field that deals heavily with abstract representations of grammar.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other Terms<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Grammar<\/strong>: a set of rules that outline the structure and use of a language<\/li><li><strong>Descriptivism<\/strong>: analyzing speech as it is naturally produced, without applying value judgments<ul><li>Highly encouraged in linguistic research, particularly sociolinguistics<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Prescriptivism<\/strong>: measuring speech against a &#8220;standard&#8221; dialect (often one determined by the dominant social group)<ul><li>Discouraged in most linguistic research<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Ungrammatical<\/strong>: an utterance that we would not expect a native speaker to produce<\/li><li><strong>Reconstruction<\/strong>: what we predict the historical form of a word or sound would have looked\/sounded like<\/li><li><strong>Narrow\/phonetic transcription<\/strong>: writing sounds as they are produced<ul><li>Indicated with brackets<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Broad\/phonemic transcription<\/strong>: writing sounds as abstract representations<ul><li>Indicated with slashes<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Dialect<\/strong>: a language variety spoken by members of a group (usually connected by region or social characteristics). Encompasses the entire language structure, including syntax, lexicon, pronunciation, etc.<\/li><li><strong>Accent<\/strong>: a speaker&#8217;s pronunciation patterns; one specific aspect of a dialect<\/li><li><strong>Lexicon<\/strong>: a collection of words; usually refers to a language\/speaker&#8217;s vocabulary<\/li><li><strong>Corpus<\/strong>: a set of collected linguistic data; used to analyze the frequency of words and other linguistic features in a language or specific data set<\/li><li><strong>Phoneme<\/strong>: the smallest meaningful units of sound in a language (e.g. [p], [b])<\/li><li><strong>Morpheme<\/strong>: the smallest meaningful word units in a language (e.g. -ing)<\/li><li><strong>Native speaker<\/strong>: a fluent speaker of a language, having acquired it in early childhood<\/li><li><strong>Diphthong:<\/strong>&nbsp;a vowel with two parts (e.g. [e\u026a] as in d<em>ay<\/em>)<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Useful Vocabulary Basic Subfields Phonetics: the physical properties of speech Phonetics focuses on the physiology of sound production (the vocal tract) and the corresponding acoustic properties (pitch, intensity, etc.). Phonology: the relationship between different sounds in a language Phonology often takes a more abstract approach to speech than phonetics, looking at how speakers perceive and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/?page_id=724\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Linguistics &#8211; Terminology<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6113,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-724","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","no-featured-image"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6113"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=724"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2779,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724\/revisions\/2779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=724"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uvm.edu\/tutortips\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=724"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}